Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Horses

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Horses 13 Jul 2011, 11:01 am The modern domesticated horse (Equus caballus) is today spread throughout the world and among the most diverse creatures on the planet. In North America, the horse was part of the megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene, but not, for some reason, in Europe. Two wild subspecies survived until recently, the Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus, died out ca 1919) and Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii, of which there are a few left). Horse history, especially the timing of the domestication of the horse, is still being debated, partly because the evidence for domestication itself is debatable. But interestingly, genetics seems to suggest a single event of domestication. Unlike other animals, criteria such as changes in body morphology (horses are extremely diverse) or the location of a particular horse outside of its "normal range" (horses are very widespread) are not useful in helping resolve the question. Horse History and the Evidence for Horse Domestication The earliest possible hints for domestication would be the presence of what appear to be a set of postmolds with lots of animal dung within the area defined by the posts, representing a horse pen. That evidence has been found at Krasni Yar in Kazakhstan, beginning about 5000 BC. The horses may have been kept for food and milk, rather than riding or load-bearing. Accepted archaeological evidence of horseback riding includes bit wear on horse teeth-that has been found in the steppes east of the Ural mountains at Botai and Kozhai 1 in modern Kazakhstan, around 3500-3000 BC. The bit wear was only found on a few of the teeth in the archaeological assemblages, which might suggest that a few horses were ridden to hunt and collect wild horses for food and milk consumption. Finally, the earliest direct evidence of the use of horses as beasts of burden-in the form of drawings of horse-drawn chariots-is at about 2000 BC, in Mesopotamia. Horse Corrals at Krasni Yar? Horse History and Genetics Genetic data, interestingly enough, has traced all extant domesticated horses to one founder stallion, or to closely related male horses with the same Y haplotype. At the same time, there is a high matrilineal diversity in both extant and wild horses. At least 77 wild mares would be required to explain the diversity of the mtDNA in current horse populations, which probably means quite a few more. New Evidence In a paper published in Science on March 6, 2009, Alan K. Outram and colleagues looked at three strands of evidence supporting horse domestication at Botai culture sites: shin bones, milk consumption, and bitwear. These data support domestication of the horse between about 3000-3500 BC sites in what is today Kazakhstan. Horses skeletons at Botai Culture sites have gracile metacarpals. The horses' metacarpals-the shins or cannon bones-are used as key indicators of domesticity. For whatever reason (and I won't speculate here), shins on domestic horses are thinner-more gracile-than those of wild horses. Outram et al. describe the shinbones from Botai as being closer in size and shape to those of Bronze age (fully domesticated) horses compared to wild horses. Fatty lipids of horse milk were found inside of pots. Although today it seems a bit weird to westerners, horses were kept for both their meat and milk in the past-and still are in the Kazakh region as you can see from the photograph above. Evidence of horse milk was found at Botai in the form of fatty lipid residues on the insides of ceramic vessels. Bit wear is in evidence on horse teeth. Finally, researchers noted bitting wear on horses' teeth-a vertical strip of wear on the outside of horses' premolars, where the metal bit damages the enamel when it sits between the cheek and tooth. New Evidence of Horse Domestication White Horses and History White horses have had a special place in ancient history-according to Herodotus, they were held as sacred animals in the Achaemenid court of Xerxes the Great (ruled 485-465 BC). White horses are associated with the Pegasus myth, the unicorn in the Babylonian Arabian horse, Lipizzaner stallion, Shetland pony, and Icelandic pony populations. White Horses and Genetics Sources For information on white horses, see White Horses and Genetics and More about White Horses. This article is part of the Guide to the History of Animal Domestication. Brown, D. and D. Anthony 1998 Bit Wear, Horseback Riding and the Botai Site in Kazakhstan. Journal of Archaeological Science 25(4):331-347. Cassidy, R. 2009 The horse, the Kyrgyz horse and the 'Kyrgyz horse'. Anthropology Today 25(1):12-15. Jansen, T., et al. 2002 Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (16):10905-10910. Levine, M. A. 1999 Botai and the origins of horse domestication. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 18(1):29-78. Ludwig, A., et al. 2009 Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication. Science 324:485. Kavar, T. and P. Dovc 2008 Domestication of the horse: Genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses. Livestock Science 116(1-3):1-14. Outram, A. K., et al. 2009 The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking. Science 323:1332-1335. Rosengren Pielberg, G., et al. 2008 A cis-acting regulatory mutation causes premature hair graying and susceptibility to melanoma in the horse. Nature Genetics 40:1004-1009. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Mesolithic

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Mesolithic 13 Jul 2011, 11:01 am The Mesolithic (or "middle stone") period is traditionally that time period in the Old World between the last glaciation at the end of the Paleolithic (~12,000 years ago) and the beginning of the Neolithic (~7000 years ago), when farming communities began to be established. During the first three thousand years of what scholars recognize as the Mesolithic, a period of climatic instability made life very interesting in Europe, with gradual warming abruptly switching to 1200 years of very cold dry weather called the Younger Dryas. By 9000 BC, the climate had stabilized to close to what it is today. During the Mesolithic, humans learned to hunt in groups and to fish, and began to learn how to domesticate animals and plants. Climate Change and the Mesolithic The retreat of the Pleistocene glaciers, a steep rise in sea levels, and the extinction of megafauna (large-bodied animals) were accompanied by a growth in forests and a major redistribution of animals and plants. After the climate stabilized, people moved northward into previously glaciated areas, and adopted new subsistence methods. Hunters targeted medium-bodied animals like red and roe deer, aurochs, elk, sheep, goat and ibex. Marine mammals, fish and shellfish were heavily used in coastal areas, and huge shell middens are associated with Mesolithic sites along the coasts throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Plant resources such as hazelnuts, acorns and nettles became an important part of Mesolithic diets. Mesolithic Technology During the Mesolithic period, humans began the first steps in land management. Swamps and wetlands were purposely burned, and chipped and ground stone axes were used to cut down trees for fires, and for constructing living quarters and fishing vessels. Stone tools were made from microlithsâ€"tiny chips of stone made from blades or bladelets and set into toothed slots in bone or antler shafts. Tools made of composite materialâ€"bone, antler, wood combined with stoneâ€"were used to create a variety of harpoons, arrows, and fish hooks. Nets and seines were developed for fishing and trapping small game. Boats and canoes were constructed, and the first wooden tracks to cross wetlands were built. Pottery and ground stone tools were first made during the Late Mesolithic, although they didn't come into prominence until the Neolithic. Settlement Patterns of the Mesolithic Mesolithic hunter-gatherers moved seasonally, following animal migrations and plant changes. In many areas, large permanent or semi-permanent communities were located on the coast, with smaller temporary hunting camps were located further inland. Mesolithic houses had sunken floors, which varied in outline from round to rectangular, and were built of wooden posts around a central hearth. Mesolithic Art and Ritual Behaviors Decidedly unlike the predecessor Upper Paleolithic art, Mesolithic art is geometric, with a restricted range of colors, dominated by the use of red ochre. Other art objects include painted pebbles, ground stone beads, pierced shells and teeth, and amber. Star Carr has some red deer antler headdresses. The Mesolithic period saw the first small cemeteries; the largest so far discovered are at Skateholm, with 65 interments. Burials varied: some inhumations, some cremations, some highly ritualized "skull nests" associated with evidence of large-scale violence. Some of the burials included grave goods, tools, jewelry, shells, and animal and human figurines; goods that archaeologists suggest are evidence of the emergence of social stratification. The first megalithic tombsâ€"collective burial places constructed of large stone blocksâ€"were constructed at the end of the Mesolithic period. The oldest of these are in the Upper Alentejo region of Portugal and along the Brittany coast; they were constructed between 4700-4500 BC. Read more about Megalithic monuments Warfare in the Mesolithic By the end of the Mesolithic, ~5000 BC, a very high percentage of skeletons recovered from Mesolithic burials show evidence of violence: 44% in Denmark; 20% in Sweden and France. Archaeologists suggest that the violence arose towards the end of the Mesolithic because of social pressure resulting from competition for resources, as Neolithic farmers vied with hunter-gatherers over rights to land. Get more details on specific European Mesolithic Sites Sources This entry is a part of the Guide to European Prehistory, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Bailey G. 2007. Archaeological Records: Postglacial Adaptations. In: Scott AE, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Oxford: Elsevier. p 145-152. Cunliffe, Barry. 2008. Europe between the Oceans, 9000 BC-AD 1000. Yale University Press. Peterkin GL. 2008. European, Northern and Western: Mesolithic Cultures In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1249-1252. Price, TD 1989 The reconstruction of Mesolithic diets. In The Mesolithic in Europe. C. Bonsall, ed. p. 48-59. John Donald Publishers, Edinburgh. Spikins P. 2008. Mesolithic Europe: glimpses of another world. In: Spikins P, and Bailey G, editors. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 1-17. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Iceman

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Iceman 13 Jul 2011, 11:01 am Otzi the Iceman, also called Similaun Man, Hauslabjoch Man or even Frozen Fritz, was discovered in 1991, eroding out of a glacier in the Italian Alps near the border between Italy and Austria. The human remains are of a Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic man who was died between about 3350-3300 BC. Because he ended up in a crevasse, his body was perfectly preserved by the glacier in which he was found, rather than crushed by the glacier's movements in the last 5,000 years. The remarkable level of preservation has allowed archaeologists the first detailed look into clothing, behavior, tool use and diet of the period. So Who Was Otzi the Iceman? The Iceman stood about 158 cm (5'2") tall, and weighed about 61 kg (134 lbs). He was rather short compared to most European males of the time, but sturdily built. He was in his mid-40s, and his strong leg muscles and overall fitness suggest that he may have spent his life herding sheep and goats up and down the Tyrolean Alps. He died about 5200 years ago, in the late spring. His health was fair for the period--he had arthritis in his joints and he had whipworm, which would have been quite painful. Otzi had several tattoos on his body, including a cross on the inside of his left knee; six parallel straight lines arranged in two rows on his back above his kidneys, each about 6 inches long; and several parallel lines on his ankles. Some have argued that tattooing may have been some sort of acupuncture. The Iceman's Clothing and Equipment The Iceman carried a range of tools, weapons, and containers. An animal skin quiver contained arrow-shafts made of viburnum and hazel wood, sinews and spare points. A copper ax head with a yew haft and leather binding, a small flint knife and a pouch with a flint scraper and awl were all included in the artifacts found with him. He carried a yew bow, and researchers at first thought the man had been a hunter-gatherer by trade, but additional evidence makes it clear he was a pastoralist--a Neolithic herder. Otzi's clothing included a belt, loincloth, and goat-skin leggings with suspenders, not unlike lederhosen. He wore a bear-skin cap, outer cape and coat made of woven grass and moccasin-type shoes made from deer and bear leather. He stuffed those shoes with moss and grasses, no doubt for insulation and comfort. Iceman's Last Days Otzi's stable isotopic signature suggests that he was probably born near the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers of Italy, near where the town of Brixen is today, but that as an adult, he lived in the lower Vinschgau valley, not far from where he was eventually found. The Iceman's stomach held cultivated wheat, possibly consumed as bread; game meat, and dried sloe plums. Blood traces on the stone arrow points he carried with him are from four different people, suggesting he had participated in a fight for his life. Further analysis of the contents of his stomach and intestines have allowed researchers to describe his last two to three days as both hectic and violent. During this time he spent time in the high pastures of the Otzal valley, then walked down to the village in the Vinschgau valley. There he was involved in a violent confrontation, sustaining a deep cut on his hand. He fled back into the Tisenjoch ridge where he died. Moss and the Iceman More on Moss and the Iceman Death of an Iceman Before Otzi died, he had suffered two fairly serious wounds, in addition to a blow to the head. One was to his right palm, a deep cut that occurred between 3 and 8 days before his death. The other was a wound in his left shoulder. In 2001, conventional x-rays and computed tomography revealed a stone arrowhead embedded in that shoulder. A research team led by Frank Jakobus Rühli at the Swiss Mummy Project at the University of Zurich used multislice computed tomography, a non-invasive computer scanning process used in detecting heart disease, to examine Otzi's body. They discovered a 13-mm tear in an artery within the Iceman's torso. Otzi appears to have suffered massive bleeding as a result of the tear, which eventually killed him. Researchers believe that the Iceman was sitting in an semi-upright position when he died. Around the time he died, someone pulled the arrow shaft out of Otzi's body, leaving the arrowhead still embedded in his chest. Sources Otzi is currently on display in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. A bibliography of books and articles written about Otzi the Iceman has been compiled for this project. Detailed zoom-able photographs of the iceman have been collected in the Iceman photoscan site, assembled by the Eurac, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Terracotta Army

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Terracotta Army 13 Jul 2011, 11:01 am The exquisite terracotta army of the first Qin Dynasty ruler Shihuangdi represents the emperor’s ability to control the resources of the newly unified China, and his attempt to recreate and maintain that empire in the afterlife. The soldiers are part of Shihuangdi's tomb, located near the modern town of Xi'an, Shaanxi province in China. The first emperor of all China was a fellow named Ying Zheng, born in 260 BC during the "Warring States Period", a chaotic, fierce, and dangerous time in Chinese history. He was a member of the Qin dynasty, and ascended to the throne in 247 BC at the age of twelve and a half. In 221 BC King Zheng united all of what is now China and renamed himself Qin Shihuangdi ("First Emperor of Qin"), although ‘united’ is rather a tranquil word to be using for the bloody conquest of the region’s small polities. According to the Shiji records of the Han dynasty court historian Sima Qian, Qin Shihuangdi was a phenomenal leader, who began connecting existing walls to create the first version of the Great Wall of China, constructed an extensive network of roads and canals throughout his empire, standardized written language and money, and abolished feudalism, establishing in its place provinces run by civilian governors. Qin Shihuangdi died in 210 BC, and the Qin dynasty was quickly extinguished within a few years by the early members of the Han dynasty. But, during the brief period of Shihuangdi’s rule, a remarkable testament to his control of the countryside and its resources was constructed: a semi-subterranean mausoleum complex and an army of 7,000 life-size sculpted clay terracotta soldiers, chariots, and horses. Terracotta Army and Shihuangdi's Necropolis Shihuangdi’s necropolis was surely large enough to merit the name of city of death. The outer wall of the mausoleum precinct measured 2100 x 975 meters and enclosed administrative buildings, horse stables and cemeteries; the heart of the precinct was the 500x500 meter tomb for Shihuangdi. Found in the precinct were ceramic and bronze sculptures, including cranes, horses, chariots, stone carved armor for humans and horses, and human sculptures that archaeologists have interpreted as representing officials and acrobats. The three pits containing the now-famous terracotta army are located 600 meters east of the mausoleum precinct, in a farm field where they were re-discovered by a well-digger in the 1920s. The mausoleum precinct was built beginning shortly after Zheng became king, in 246 BC, and construction continued until about 209 BC. Four pits were excavated to hold the terracotta army, although only three were filled by the time construction ceased. The construction of the pits included excavation, placement of a brick floor, and construction of a sequence of rammed earth partitions and tunnels. The floors of the tunnels were covered with mats, the life-sized statuary was placed erect on the mats and the tunnels were covered with logs. Finally each pit was buried. In the largest pit (14,000 square meters), the infantry was placed in rows four deep. Pit 2 includes a U-shaped layout of chariots, cavalry and infantry; and Pit 3 contains a command headquarters. Only about 1,000 soldiers have been excavated so far; archaeologists estimate that there are over 7,000 soldiers (infantry to generals), 130 chariots with horses, and 110 cavalry horses. The statues of the infantry soldiers range between 5 foot 8 inches and 6 foot 2 inches; the commanders are 6 and half feet tall. The lower half of the kiln-fired ceramic bodies were made of solid terracotta clay, the upper half hollow. It is evident that the statues were vividly painted including a color called Chinese purple; although most of that paint has flown, traces of it may be seen on some of the statues. Chinese excavations have been conducted at Shihuangdi’s mausoleum complex since 1974, and have included excavations in and around the mausoleum complex; they continue to reveal astonishing findings. As Xiaoneng Yang describes Shihuangdi’s mausoleum complex, “Ample evidence demonstrates the First Emperor’s ambition: not only to control all aspects of the empire during his lifetime but to recreate the entire empire in microcosm for his after life.” Sources Hu, Ya-Qin, et al. 2007 What can pollen grains from the Terracotta Army tell us? Journal of Archaeological Science 341153-1157. Liu, Z., et al. 2007 Influence of Taoism on the invention of the purple pigment used on the Qin terracotta warriors. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(11):1878-1883. Xiaoneng Yang. 2004. “Mausoleum of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty and its Terracotta Army Pits at Lishan and Xiyang, Lintong, Shaanxi Province.” In Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on China's Past, Volume 2, pp 225-229. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. More on the Terracotta Army See the terracotta army photo essay. Pollen and the Terracotta Army describes how pollen has helped identify where the various terracotta sculptures were made. Chinese purple is a manufactured pigment used on the soldiers. Stan Parchin, Senior Museum Correspondent for Art History, reports that replicas of the terracotta soldiers currently reside in the public lobby of an office building on Fifth Avenue and East 53rd Street in Manhattan. England just executed a cultural agreement with China, and some of the terracotta figures will be featured soon as part of a special exhibition in London. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Dancing Girl

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Dancing Girl 12 Jul 2011, 11:01 am By and large, Indiana Jones notwithstanding, archaeologists deny any real attraction for specific artifacts. It's the assemblage, we'll argue, the collection of artifacts from any one site that is really interesting. It's the context, we'll say, the location of the artifacts within a particular room or area or part of the world, that fascinates us. No, no, it's the settlement patterns, the way the assemblage fits, or doesn't fit, the prevailing theory of the way humans organize their living areas. Well, that's all true, most of the time. But sometimes, we are lucky enough to run across a single artifact that seems to speak to us across the ages, seems to express a culture both distant and not so far away from our present day, in one lovely concrete moment. So it would seem to be the case with the 'dancing girl,' a 10.8 centimeter high bronze statuette, sculpted using the lost wax method around 2500 BC, and excavated in 1926 from a house in the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan. She was British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler's favorite statuette, as you can tell in this quote from a 1973 television program: There is her little Baluchi-style face with pouting lips and insolent look in the eye. She's about fifteen years old I should think, not more, but she stands there with bangles all the way up her arm and nothing else on. A girl perfectly, for the moment, perfectly confident of herself and the world. There's nothing like her, I think, in the world. John Marshall, one of the excavators at Mohenjo-Daro, described her as a vivid impression of the young ... girl, her hand on her hip in a half-impudent posture, and legs slightly forward as she beats time to the music with her legs and feet... The artistry of this lovely statuette crosses time and space and speaks to us of a seemingly unknowable, but at least fleetingly recognizable past. As author Gregory Possehl says, We may not be certain that she was a dancer, but she was good at what she did and she knew it. The quotes from this article come directly out of the book by Gregory L. Possehl called The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, available from Altamira Press, and published in September 2002. Thanks to Dr. Possehl, who provided the graphic of the delicate lady. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: History of Archaeology

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week History of Archaeology 12 Jul 2011, 11:01 am The history of archaeology is a long and checkered one. If there is anything archaeology teaches us, it is to look to the past to learn from our mistakes and, if we can find any, our successes. What we today think of as the science of archaeology has its roots in religion and treasure hunting, and born out of centuries of curiosity about the past and where we all came from. Part 1: The Treasure Hunters The beginning of the series on the History of Archaeology, covering the roots (and loot) of archaeology in the 17th and 18th centuries. Part 2: You Call This Enlightenment? The first tentative step forward towards archaeology as a science took place during the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason. Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries was a time of great growth in scientific and natural exploration, and it was a crucial leap forward in the history of archaeology. Part 3: The Tyranny of the Text Is the bible fact or fiction? This question is at the absolute heart of the history of archaeology, central to the growth and development of archaeology, and it is the one that gets more archaeologists into trouble than any other. Part 4: The Biologist, the Geologist, and the Museum Director By the beginning of the 19th century, the museums of Europe were beginning to be inundated with relics from all over the world. Museums all over Europe, were simply becoming overrun with artifacts, from all over the world, completely lacking in order. Something had to be done. Part 5: The Development of Method The real increases towards the techniques and methodology of what we think of as modern archaeology were primarily the work of three scholars: Heinrich Schliemann, Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers, and William Flinders Petrie. Bibliography A list of books and articles about archaeology's history for your own research. You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.

Archaeology: What's Hot Now: Maya Civilization Guide

Archaeology: What's Hot Now These articles that had the largest increase in popularity over the last week Maya Civilization Guide 12 Jul 2011, 11:01 am You are Here-->Overview Timeline and King List Important Facts Maya Ruins and Additional Sources Bibliography The Maya Civilizationâ€"also called the Mayan civilizationâ€"is the general name archaeologists have given to several independent, loosely affiliated city states who shared a cultural heritage in terms of language, customs, dress, artistic style and material culture. They occupied the central American continent, including the southern parts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, an area of about 150,000 square miles. In general, researchers tend to split the Maya into the Highland and Lowland Maya. By the way, archaeologists prefer to use the term "Maya civilization" rather than the more common "Mayan civilization", leaving "Mayan" to refer to the language. Highland and Lowland Maya The Maya civilization covered an enormous area with a large variation of environments, economies, and growth of the civilization. Scholars address some of the Maya cultural variation by studying separate issues related to the climate and environment of the region. The Maya Highlands are the southern part of the Maya civilization, included the mountainous region in Mexico (particularly Chiapas state), Guatemala and Honduras. The Maya Lowlands make up the northern segment of the Maya region, including Mexico's Yucatan peninsula, and adjacent parts of Guatemala and Belize. A Pacific coastal piedmont range north of the Soconusco had fertile soils, dense forests and mangrove swamps. See Maya Lowlands and Maya Highlands for in-depth information. The Maya civilization was certainly never an "empire", inasmuch as one person never ruled the entire region. During the Classic period, there were several strong kings at Tikal, Calakmul, Caracol and Dos Pilas, but none of them ever conquered the others. It's probably best to think of the Maya as a collection of independent city states, who shared some ritual and ceremonial practices, some architecture, some cultural objects. The city states traded with one another, and with the Olmec and Teotihuacan polities (at different times), and they also warred with one another from time to time. You are Here-->Overview Timeline and King List Important Facts Maya Ruins and Additional Sources Bibliography You are receiving this email because you subscribed to this feed at blogtrottr.com. If you no longer wish to receive these emails, you can unsubscribe from this feed.